介绍 - 麻省理工学院人工智能研究专业

介绍

Design Issues has long been a forum for examining design in soci-
埃蒂. Social dimensions of design come to the fore here, and articles
move beyond design issues of utility and usability to those of
human experience and socio-economic development. Even political
issues are raised; in her article, 例如, Astrid Skjerven traces
colonial dispositions, within Norwegian design, that have been
influenced by Victor Papanek’s work in Scandinavia during the
1970s and the 1851 Great Exhibition in London. Given such social
dimensions of design, several articles revisit and renew established
frameworks in design theory.

In developing world contexts, two articles explore expand-
ing roles and limits of professional design. Skjerven’s article about
the Norwegian organization “Design Without Borders” presents
examples of design work far afield in Uganda and Guatemala. 她
argues that the professional and outsider status as well as gender of
humanitarian designers are factors in the success of projects. 在骗子-
trast to these professional design roles, Angus Donald Campbell
looks to everyday local practices of non-professional or “lay”
designers. Under the heading “grassroots innovation,” Campbell
brings together a range of terms and approaches from design theory
to articulate the inventive and creative practices of knowledge-rich
but economically poor people. His exploration takes not only tex-
tual but photographic form, and he depicts a variety of intriguing
examples from southern Africa. Both articles raise questions about
the limits of professional design—even when ethnographically-
知情的, and Campbell challenges the academy to reconceptual-
ize design given its societal roles.

Two articles discuss social dimensions of designing and
interpreting artifacts. Per Liljenberg Halstrøm discusses decisions
and judgments made within design processes, which have social
implications that cannot be addressed through only user research
nor through only ethnographic methods.

In revisiting Richard Buchanan’s discussion of rhetoric,
he argued for a rhetorical framework to guide reflection and self-
deliberation within design processes. 具体来说, he proposed
guidance through “topoi,” or diverse viewpoints as lenses for
反射, which he exemplified through a student project. 尽管
Liljenberg Halstrøm discusses design process, Toke Riis Ebbesen
discusses what happens after design. Riis Ebbesen examines “Little
Sun,” a solar lamp developed by a famous artist with an engineer,
as it is mediated through packaging, art galleries, social business

土井:10.1162/DESI_e_00421

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型号, and NGOs. Through his proposed “indicative framework,”
he analyzes the semiotics of Little Sun, how it “enchants” and per-
forms a “border crossing” between art and humanitarian design.
Both articles offer guiding frameworks for increasing reflexivity
within design practice and analysis.

In reviewing established design conceptual frameworks,
two articles propose that revisions are necessary to these frame-
作品. To address design within nonprofit organizations, Erez
Nusem, Cara Wrigley, and Judy Matthews examine the Danish
adaption of the UK Design Council’s “ladder” of design for the
“public good.” They report on a longitudinal action research study
within one of Australia’s largest nonprofit aged-care providers.
Based on their findings, they propose a “nonprofit design ladder,”
a diagnostic tool to support and increase design use in the nonprofit
sector. In the article by John M. Flach, Pieter Jan Stappers, Fred A.
Voorhorst, the authors point at the gap between product-centric and
human-centric perspectives within experience design. To address
the gap, they argue for a more holistic understanding of experience
and they revisit a longstanding discussion of relations between
cognitive science and design. The authors elaborate on three dimen-
sions of experience: “affording, specifying, and satisfying.” Their
argument states the necessity of these dimensions for human expe-
riences to be designed beyond utility and usability. Collectively, 这
articles in this issue evoke a common ethos: design responsibility
for human experience and societal impact.

This issue also contains three reviews. Barbara Predan
reviews an exhibition about Saša J. Mächtig at the Museum of Archi-
tecture and Design, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Mächtig is a prominent
designer who, among other achievements, argued for opening up
the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design (ICSID)
to other regions and developing countries. Mariana Amatullo
reviews Designing Business and Management, edited by Sabine Jung-
inger and Jürgen Faust, which explores the expanding roles of think-
ing and doing “design in business.” Carl DiSalvo reviews Design,
When Everybody Designs by Ezio Manzini, in which design is consid-
ered both an expert profession and a diffuse skill possessed by
everybody. DiSalvo raises important questions concerning societal
and perhaps overlooked political implications of design and, 因此,
accentuates the underpinning social dimension focus of this issue.

Bruce Brown
理查德·布坎南
卡尔·迪萨尔沃
Dennis Doordan
Kipum Lee
维克多·马戈林
拉米亚·马泽

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