INNOV0102_06-05-31_FINAL.qxd 6/6/2006 5:46 PM Page 80 David E. Winickoff Genome and Nation Iceland’s Health Sector Database and its Legacy Iceland is a small democratic state of nearly 300,000 inhabitants that sits in the North Atlantic between the continents of Europe, 美国, and the Arctic.1 Although it may seem an unlikely place for innovation of global significance, the small island nation of Iceland has assumed near

INNOV0102_06-05-31_FINAL.qxd 6/6/2006 5:45 PM Page 68 Randall B. Kemp and Sanjeev Khagram When the Land Tells a Story Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for Landscape Monitoring and Humanitarian Relief Innovations Case Discussion: Pingree Easement The Pingree forest stewards devised a scheme to monitor landscape changes over their entire jurisdiction using three key technologies: geographic information sys- 特姆斯 (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and global positioning systems

INNOV0102_06-05-31_FINAL.qxd 6/6/2006 5:44 PM Page 44 James N. Levitt Conservation via Satellite Leveraging Remote Sensing to Monitor the Pingree Easement Despite increasing human population pressures around the world, and the unprecedented environmental impacts that come in their wake, conservationists have made remarkable headway since the mid-twentieth century in extending pro- tection to landscapes on every continent. 例如, in the four decades between 1962 和

INNOV0102_06-05-31_FINAL.qxd 6/6/2006 5:44 PM Page 36 Jerry Mechling Tools for Compliance in a Networked World Innovations Case Discussion: RENCTAS Dener Giovanni’s story of RENCTAS (the Portuguese acronym for National Network to Fight the Trafficking of Wild Animals) is compelling and inspiring. Using modern communications skillfully and with great personal courage, the leaders of RENCTAS have shown that a few good people can virtually move moun-

约翰·P. Holdren innovations TECHNOLOGY || GOVERNANCE || GLOBALIZATION mitpress.mit.edu/innovations The Energy Innovation Imperative Addressing Oil Dependence, Climate Change, and Other 21st Century Energy Challenges Society faces many energy challenges in this century, but “running out” of energy resources in a global or absolute sense is not one of them. The world may be run- ning out of cheaply extractable and reliably deliverable conventional oil

Dener Giovanini Taking Animal Trafficking Out of the Shadows RENCTAS Uses the Internet to Combat a Multi-Billion Dollar Trade Animal trafficking, the third largest illegal trade in the world after drugs and arms, is a US$20 billion business. Brazil is estimated to account for up to 15% of this illicit global trade.1 In Brazil alone approximately 38 million animals are poached every year, posing a

INNOV0102_06-05-31_FINAL.qxd 6/6/2006 5:52 PM Page 145 Geoff Mulgan The Process of Social Innovation Every truth passes through three stages. 第一的, it is ridiculed. 第二, it is violently opposed. 第三, it is accepted as being self-evident. —Arthur Schopenhauer Much of what we now take for granted in social life began as radical innovation. A century ago, few believed that ordinary people could be trusted to drive

INNOV0102_06-05-31_FINAL.qxd 6/6/2006 5:51 PM Page 123 James Turner The Next Innovation Revolution Laying the Groundwork for the United States Nations seem most open to economic innovation when they feel threatened. In the late 1970s the United States experienced this: slipping competitive position com- pared to Japan convinced policy-makers that strategic adjustments to compete were necessary. 在 1979, President Carter’s Domestic Policy Review on Industrial Innovation

INNOV0101FINAL.qxd 2/23/2006 11:46 上午页面 9 Martin Fisher Income Is Development KickStart’s Pumps Help Kenyan Farmers Transition to a Cash Economy Within less than a generation, poor families in Africa have been thrown from essentially a sub- sistence lifestyle into a primarily cash-based economy. Ability to earn an income is suddenly a paramount skill. Yet approaches to encouraging development continue to be based on the

INNOV0101FINAL.qxd 2/23/2006 11:50 上午页面 80 William Drayton Everyone a Changemaker Social Entrepreneurship’s Ultimate Goal Rodrigo Baggio grew up in Rio de Janeiro loving computers. As he matured into an extraordi- narily tall, thin man with a hugely wide smile, he became a computer consultant. 然而, from early on, he was one of the few in his generation who noticed—with concern—that the young people growing

INNOV0101FINAL.qxd 2/23/2006 11:49 上午页面 52 Seth Berkley Ending an Epidemic The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Pioneers a Public-Private Partnership Since Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was identified in 1981, it has killed more than 25 million people and more than 40 million are infected today with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. The spread has been worldwide but it is the developing world that is

INNOV0101FINAL.qxd 2/23/2006 11:48 上午页面 43 Erik Simanis and Stuart Hart Expanding Possibilities at the Base of the Pyramid Innovations Case Discussion: KickStart The last decade has witnessed a seismic shift in our understanding of and approach to pover- ty alleviation. Driven in large part by the emergence of empowerment-based forms of devel- opment practice—most notably, Participatory Rural Appraisal1—and the success of the Grameen Bank

INNOV0101FINAL.qxd 2/23/2006 11:47 上午页面 31 Julia Novy-Hildesley From Idea to Impact Funding Invention for Sustainability Innovations Case Discussion: KickStart A growing number of non profit and for-profit organizations are implementing a new approach to international development jointly emphasizing entrepreneurship and technology. Instead of awarding large grants and loans to national governments, these institutions are emphasizing smaller awards and contracts made to entrepreneurs who invent

INNOV0101FINAL.qxd 2/23/2006 11:46 上午页面 3 Philip Auerswald and Iqbal Quadir Introduction to the Inaugural Issue If nature has made any one thing less susceptible than all others of exclusive prop- 厄蒂, it is the action of the thinking power called an idea… He who receives an idea from me, receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at mine, receives

INNOV0101FINAL.qxd 2/24/2006 12:13 PM Page 115 Matthew Bunn Cooperation to Secure Nuclear Stockpiles A Case of Constrained Innovation The 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union posed an unprecedented challenge: to keep tens of thousands of nuclear weapons, and enough highly enriched uranium (HEU) and separated plutonium to make tens of thousands more, out of hostile hands. In this crisis, small groups of policy entrepreneurs launched

INNOV0101FINAL.qxd 2/23/2006 11:52 上午页面 108 Jean Lanjouw A Patent Policy Proposal for Global Diseases We are in the midst of a dramatic extension of the global reach of the patent system. 直到最近, in an effort to keep their prices low, many developing countries did not grant patents on new pharmaceutical products. 今天, 然而, most countries have extended their patent laws to include pharmaceutical

DEMOCRATIZING POLICY ACTION IN INDIA AMIT KAPOOR, BIBEK DEBROY, AND MEENAKSHI AJITH Over the years, the Indian state has responded to changing domestic and inter- national circumstances through reforms, the most notable being the liberaliza- tion measures of 1991. The substratum for reforms was steadily built using a reservoir of knowledge drawn from ancient texts, the colonial state, and the In- dian constitution, which eventually

LEADING SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITIONS MATT GITSHAM We are living in an age of disruption—a seemingly permanent state of trans- formation and transition in which business leaders are facing disruptive forces from several different directions. On the one side are the rapid technological in- novations that have enabled the likes of Netflix, 优步, 亚马逊, Airbnb, Spotify, and WhatsApp to disrupt business models and challenge incumbents. 上