Kenneth Neil Cukier Seizing the ‘Arbitrage Opportunity’ for Legal Rights Innovations Case Discussion: International Bridges to Justice The idea of innovation used to conjure up images of scientists in white lab coats peering into microscopes. 然后, what sprang to mind were buff Silicon Valley entrepreneurs devising new business models. These caricatures sound simplistic, but they largely held. 然而, a new form of innovation has emerged

Anand Kumar Jaiswal The Fortune at the Bottom or the Middle of the Pyramid? The Bottom of the Pyramid (国际收支平衡表) has emerged as a dominant concept in busi- 内斯, propelled by C. K. Prahalad’s The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid.1 Given the enormous attention the concept has attracted, it has the potential to impact the world’s billions of poor people—as well as the

Erik Simanis, Stuart Hart, and Duncan Duke The Base of the Pyramid Protocol Beyond “Basic Needs” Business Strategies In short, the poorest populations raise a prodigious new managerial chal- lenge for the world’s wealthiest companies: selling to the poor and help- ing them improve their lives by producing and distributing products and services in culturally sensitive, environmentally sustainable, and eco- nomically profitable ways. —C. K.

Daniel J. Isenberg An Indian FOPSE Innovations Case Discussion: Keggfarms I first met Vinod Kapur in the summer of 2006 when I was conducting research in India on a case for my Harvard Business School class on international entrepre- neurship. A friend of mine had invited me to attend the ceremony for the first Innovations for India Awards in Mumbai. Several Indian businesspeople received the

Vinod Kapur Pioneering Micro-Entrepreneurship Through Poultry Breeding And Distribution in Rural India Innovations Case Narrative: Keggfarms Forty-one years ago I left a comfortable career in management to establish Keggfarms. From the outset the idea was much as it is today: to create income-gen- erating opportunities and at the same time make protein more available in rural areas by developing, 生产, and marketing a “rural-specific” poultry

Carl J. Schramm Toward an Entrepreneurial Society Why Measurement Matters This historic and irreversible change in the way of doing things we call “innovation” and we define: innovations are changes in production func- tions which cannot be decomposed into infinitesimal steps. Add as many mail-coaches as you please; you will never get a railroad by so doing. — Joseph Schumpeter Entrepreneurship and innovation are everywhere.

Robert D. Austin and Javier Busquets Managing Differences Innovations Case Discussion: Specialisterne Autism is both a disability and a difference. We need to find ways of alle- viating the disability while respecting and valuing the difference.1 —Simon Baron-Cohen, autism expert The example of Specialisterne, its mission and accomplishments, inspire us at the broadest human level. It’s a story about a father’s love and sacrifice for

Alvin E. Roth What Have We Learned from Market Design? In the centennial issue of the Economic Journal, I wrote (about game theory) that the real test of our success will be not merely how well we understand thegeneral principles that govern economic interactions, but how well we can bring this knowledge to bear on practical questions of microeco- nomic engineering…” (Roth, 1991) 自那以后,

Daniel Sarewitz and Richard R. Nelson Progress in Know-How Its Origins and Limits Over the last several centuries, the advance of know-how to meet a wide range of human needs has been phenomenal. In the area of medicine, 例如, we now are able to prevent or cure many infectious diseases that used to be scourges. In other fields of human need and activity, 然而,

Piera Morlacchi A New Solution Suggesting the Need for a New Equation Innovations Case Discussion: The Institute for OneWorld Health When Victoria Hale first came up with the notion of starting the Institute for OneWorld Health (iOWH), some cautioned that the idea of a non-profit pharma- ceutical company developing drugs to treat neglected diseases was a proven loser1. The more direct among them might also

Wesley Yin Solutions and Challenges to Curing Global Health Inequality Innovations Case Discussion: The Institute for OneWorld Health The pharmaceutical and biological industries have experienced remarkable growth over the past half century. 今天, U.S.-based private firms spend over $40 billion a year on R&D, 10 times the inflation-adjusted levels in 1970.1 These investments have produced an unprecedented flow of drugs and biologics that save lives

Victoria Hale Seeking a Cure for Inequity in Access to Medicines Innovations Case Narrative: The Institute for OneWorld Health The top five infectious disease killers in the world are HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, respiratory infections, and diarrhea. None of these, not even HIV/AIDS, has received sufficient focus by the pharmaceutical industry to meet global health needs. Though these diseases have severe global social and economic conse-

Geoffrey Tabin The Cataract Blindness Challenge Innovations Case Discussion: Aravind Eye Care System The first Champilimaud Award for the “contribution to vision in the developing world,” accompanied by a prize of Euro 1 百万, was given in 2007 to the Aravind Eye Hospitals in Tamil Nadu, 印度. They could not have made a better choice. Aravind Eye Hospitals are the highest volume cataract surgery facility

V. Kasturi Rangan and R.D. Thulasiraj Making Sight Affordable Innovations Case Narrative: The Aravind Eye Care System About 40 million people in the world are blind. The prevalence of blindness in most industrialized countries of Europe and North America varies between 0.15% 和 0.25%, compared with blindness rates of nearly 1.5% for the developing coun- tries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. While age-related macular

Bill Gates Address at Harvard Commencement, 七月 7, 2007 President Bok, former President Rudenstine, incoming President Faust, members of the Harvard Corporation and the Board of Overseers, members of the faculty, parents, 尤其是, the graduates: I’ve been waiting more than 30 years to say this: “Dad, I always told you I’d come back and get my degree.” I want to thank Harvard for this

Matthew Basilico and Connie Chen The New Gates in Harvard Yard A Students’ Response to the Philanthropist’s Call to Action Comment on Address at Harvard by Bill Gates Bill Gates stood in front of the Class of 2007 as a member of a minority. Much like Mr. Gates, the seniors gathered at Tercentenary Theatre were certainly well-accus- tomed to excellence and success. But in believing

Letters Reader Commentary RE: “COLLAPSING GEOGRAPHY” BY CORY ONDREJKA, “A SILICON SILICON VALLEY?” BY PHILIP EVANS, AND “CONTRIVING CONSTRAINTS” BY THOMAS MALABY Geographies of Virtual Selfhood In “Collapsing Geography,” Cory Ondrejka draws upon his vast knowledge of the virtual world “Second Life” to provide an insightful analysis regarding place, 因诺- 休假, and virtual worlds. I here reflect on several points raised by Ondrejka, 还有

Hassan Masum, Abdallah S. Daar, Sara Al-Bader, Ronak Shah, and Peter A. Singer Accelerating Health Product Innovation in sub-Saharan Africa Before the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation began to make its extraordinary contributions, little funding was available for scientific discovery to address the major health needs of the world’s billions of poor.1 The financial stimulus of the Gates Foundation, along with investments from other foundations