Robert D. Atkinson and David B. Audretsch Economic Doctrines and Innovation Policy Policymakers and economic scholars around the world agree that the primary source of economic growth, competitiveness, and increases in standards of living in a globalized economy is innovation in the form of new products and services, more efficient production processes, and new business models.1 Moreover, as oil and food prices escalate, the need

Steve Beck, with Wouter Deelder and Robin Miller Franchising in Frontier Markets What’s Working, What’s Not, and Why If you happen to need a cab in Bangalore, call SPOT City Taxis. SPOT (自己- employment Program for Organized Transport) is now the largest taxi operator in the capital city of India’s “Silicon Valley,” having grown organically from 18 cars in 1999 to the more than 300

Paul Polak, Peggy Reid, and Amy Schefer 2.4 Billion Customers How Business Can Scale Solutions to Poverty Grameen Bank has loaned US$6.38 billion to 7.4 million very poor borrowers, and International Development Enterprises (IDE) has helped three million very poor small-holder families increase their net income by $288 million per year by creat- ing affordable irrigation tools and markets. In light of growing evidence that

Brett R. Smith The MicroConsignment Model Reconsidered Invention-Led Development by Shifting Risk, Transferring Knowledge, and Scaling Capabilities Innovations Case Discussion: The MicroConsignment Model There is a great deal of debate about the definition of social entrepreneurship. I use an emerging definition: “Innovative and effective activities that focus strategically on resolving social market failures and creating opportunities to add social value systematically by using a range

Greg Van Kirk The MicroConsignment Model Bridging the “Last Mile” of Access to Products and Services for the Rural Poor Innovations Case Narrative: The MicroConsignment Model Until recently, Carolina Amesquita, the principal at La Escuela Ramona Jil primary school in Chimaltenango, 危地马拉, lamented daily that her students were drink- ing contaminated water directly from the tap, often contracting gastrointestinal ill- nesses that kept them out

José Goldemberg The Brazilian Experience with Biofuels Innovations Case Narrative From a technical perspective, there is nothing new in the renewed interest in using biofuels in the internal combustion engines on our roads. In the late 1800s, Henry Ford used ethanol to drive automobiles and Rudolf Diesel used biodiesel from peanuts to drive trucks. But these fuels were replaced in the early 1900s by gasoline

Ralph Cavanagh Graphs, Words, and Deeds Reflections on Commissioner Rosenfeld and California’s Energy Efficiency Leadership Innovations Case Discussion: The California Effect Late in 2006, soon after Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed into law California’s path-breaking curbs on greenhouse gas emissions, a reporter asked California Energy Commissioner Arthur Rosenfeld when statewide reductions would start showing up. “Around 1975,” he replied. Showing how right he was would require

Arthur H. Rosenfeld with Deborah Poskanzer A Graph Is Worth a Thousand Gigawatt-Hours How California Came to Lead the United States in Energy Efficiency Innovations Case Narrative: The California Effect Humans burn fossil fuels to provide energy for our needs, including heat, 光, 运输, refrigeration, and industrial processes. Our continued dependence on combustion produces carbon dioxide, contributing to the increasing concen- trations of greenhouse gases

Bill Drayton Engage People, Retire Things When we think about fighting climate change, we naturally focus first on its direct causes. If it is caused by carbon build-up, our first thought is to cut or offset green- house gas emissions. Our thinking then glides logically on to finding ways of doing so, especially adopting new energy technologies and launching carbon trading markets (which are key

Eileen Claussen Deploying Our Clean Energy Future As for the future, your task is not to foresee, but to enable it. — Antoine de Saint-Exupery The United States and the rest of the world face a momentous choice. It is a choice that will determine the nature of our economies and our climate for generations to come. One option is to continue down our current

Felix S. Creutzig and Daniel M. Kammen The Post-Copenhagen Roadmap Towards Sustainability Differentiated Geographic Approaches, Integrated Over Goals Climate change will bring economic, 社会的, and environmental costs at scales beyond any other human experience (IARU, 2009). Studies imply that humanity must reduce CO2 below its current atmospheric concentration if we are to preserve a planet like the one we are now adapted to (Hansen et

约翰·P. Holdren Energy for Change Introduction to the Special Issue on Energy & Climate Without energy, there is no economy. Without climate, there is no environment. Without economy and environment, there is no material well-being, no civil soci- 埃蒂, no personal or national security. The overriding problem associated with these realities, 当然, is that the world has long been getting most of the

William B. Bonvillian and Charles Weiss Taking Covered Wagons East A New Innovation Theory for Energy and Other Established Technology Sectors Frederick Jackson Turner, historian of the American frontier, argued that the always-beckoning frontier was the crucible shaping American society.1 He retold an old story, arguing that it defined our cultural landscape: when American settlers faced frustration and felt opportunities were limited, they could climb

L. Hunter Lovins The Economic Case for Climate Protection Climate change represents a unique challenge for economics: it is the greatest and widest-ranging market failure ever seen. —Sir Nicholas Stern1 Creating the low-carbon economy will lead to the greatest economic boom in the U.S. since we mobilized for World War II. —Former President Bill Clinton2 Sir Nicholas Stern and Bill Clinton both have it right.

Franz Beyeler, Nick Beglinger, and Ursina Roder Minergie: The Swiss Sustainable Building Standard Minergie is a sustainable building standard recognized globally for its effectiveness in achieving lower energy and resource consumption and a higher level of com- 堡, regardless of building design or type. In Switzerland, where the standard was developed, 超过 14,000 Minergie buildings have been voluntarily certified and wide government backing across the

Henry L. Green High-Performance Buildings The built environment forms a backbone that is critical to maintaining and enhancing economic growth, competitiveness, 生产率, and quality of life. The construction industry in the United States contributes more than one trillion dollars to the yearly gross domestic product , but based on government statistics like those shown in Figure 1, it continues to stagnate or even lose productivity,

Vinod Khosla Whose Rules? Terms of Discussions Around a Global Cap-and-Trade System Global climate change is accelerating like a runaway truck. The conventional wis- dom is simple: 美国. does not want to participate in a global treaty, because India and China don’t want to participate. But is that really an accurate assessment, or is it that they don’t want to participate based on Western

詹姆斯·H. Turner Jr., Ellen Vaughan, and Colin McCormick Moving Toward High-Performance Buildings At the end of May 2009, a group of 60 prominent scientists and other notables in attendance at the St. James’s Palace Nobel Laureate Symposium, including U.S. Secretary of Energy Steven Chu, declared that, to prevent irreversible damage to the world’s climate, worldwide carbon emissions must begin to decline in just six