What Happened When? Cerebral Processing of Modified Structure and Content in Episodic Cueing Sophie Siestrup1,2 , Benjamin Jainta1, Nadiya El-Sourani1, Ima Trempler1,2, Moritz F. Wurm3, Oliver T. Wolf 4, Sen Cheng4, and Ricarda I. Schubotz1,2 Abstract ■ Episodic memories are not static but can change on the basis of new experiences, potentially allowing us to make valid predic- tions in the face of an ever-changing

Propofol Anesthesia Alters Cortical Traveling Waves Sayak Bhattacharya1, Jacob A. Donoghue1, Meredith Mahnke1, Scott L. Brincat1, Emery N. Brown1,2,3, and Earl K. Miller1 Abstract ■ Oscillatory dynamics in cortex seem to organize into travel- ing waves that serve a variety of functions. Recent studies show that propofol, a widely used anesthetic, dramatically alters corti- cal oscillations by increasing slow-delta oscillatory power and coherence. È

Neural and Cognitive Underpinnings of Counterintuitive Science and Math Reasoning in Adolescence Iroise Dumontheil1,2, Annie Brookman-Byrne1,2, Andrew K. Tolmie2,3, and Denis Mareschal1,2 Abstract ■ Reasoning about counterintuitive concepts in science and math is thought to require suppressing naive theories, prior knowledge, or misleading perceptual cues through inhibitory control. Neuroimaging research has shown recruitment of pFC regions during counterintuitive reasoning, which has been interpreted as evidence

Neural Mechanisms of Perceiving and Subsequently Recollecting Emotional Facial Expressions in Young and Older Adults Reina Izumika1, Roberto Cabeza2, and Takashi Tsukiura1 Abstract ■ It is known that emotional facial expressions modulate the perception and subsequent recollection of faces and that aging alters these modulatory effects. Yet, the underlying neural mechanisms are not well understood, and they were the focus of the current fMRI study.

Using High-Density Electroencephalography to Explore Spatiotemporal Representations of Object Categories in Visual Cortex Gennadiy Gurariy1, Ryan E. B. Mruczek2, Jacqueline C. Snow3, and Gideon P. Caplovitz3 Abstract ■ Visual object perception involves neural processes that unfold over time and recruit multiple regions of the brain. Here, we use high-density EEG to investigate the spatiotemporal rep- resentations of object categories across the dorsal and ventral pathways.

Effects of Multisession Prefrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Long-term Memory and Working Memory in Older Adults Jacky Au1, Rachel N. Smith-Peirce1, Elena Carbone2, Austin Moon3 Michelle Evans4, John Jonides4, and Susanne M. Jaeggi1 , Abstract ■ Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive form of electrical brain stimulation popularly used to augment the effects of working memory (WM) training. Although success has been

Individual Differences in Multisensory Processing Are Related to Broad Differences in the Balance of Local versus Distributed Information Phillip R. Johnston , Claude Alain, and Anthony R. McIntosh* Abstract ■ The brain’s ability to extract information from multiple sen- sory channels is crucial to perception and effective engage- ment with the environment, but the individual differences observed in multisensory processing lack mechanistic explana- zione. Noi

Neural Coding of Visual Objects Rapidly Reconfigures to Reflect Subtrial Shifts in Attentional Focus Lydia Barnes1 , Erin Goddard2 , and Alexandra Woolgar1,3 Abstract ■ Every day, we respond to the dynamic world around us by choosing actions to meet our goals. Flexible neural populations are thought to support this process by adapting to prioritize task-relevant information, driving coding in specialized brain regions toward stimuli

Electrophysiological Evidence for the Suppression of Highly Salient Distractors Brad T. Stilwell1 , Howard Egeth2, and Nicholas Gaspelin1 Abstract ■ There has been a longstanding debate as to whether salient stimuli have the power to involuntarily capture attention. As a potential resolution to this debate, the signal suppression hypoth- esis proposes that salient items generate a bottom–up signal that automatically attracts attention, but that salient

Cognitive Control as a Multivariate Optimization Problem Harrison Ritz, Xiamin Leng, and Amitai Shenhav Abstract ■ A hallmark of adaptation in humans and other animals is our ability to control how we think and behave across different set- tings. Research has characterized the various forms cognitive control can take—including enhancement of goal-relevant information, suppression of goal-irrelevant information, and overall inhibition of potential responses—and has identified

Linking the Brain with Behavior: The Neural Dynamics of Success and Failure in Goal-directed Behavior Amanda K. Robinson1,2 , Anina N. Rich1, and Alexandra Woolgar1,3 Abstract ■ The human brain is extremely flexible and capable of rapidly selecting relevant information in accordance with task goals. Regions of frontoparietal cortex flexibly represent relevant task information such as task rules and stimulus features when par- ticipants perform

Unified Coding of Spectral and Temporal Phonetic Cues: Electrophysiological Evidence for Abstract Phonological Features Philip J. Monahan1,2 , Jessamyn Schertz2,3 , Zhanao Fu2 , and Alejandro Pérez1,4 Abstract ■ Spoken word recognition models and phonological theory propose that abstract features play a central role in speech pro- cessazione. It remains unknown, Tuttavia, whether auditory cortex encodes linguistic features in a manner beyond the phonetic properties

High-Order Areas and Auditory Cortex Both Represent the High-Level Event Structure of Music Jamal A. Williams1, Elizabeth H. Margulis1, Samuel A. Nastase1, Janice Chen2, Uri Hasson1, Kenneth A. Norman1, and Christopher Baldassano3 Abstract ■ Recent fMRI studies of event segmentation have found that default mode regions represent high-level event structure during movie watching. In these regions, neural patterns are relatively stable during events and shift

Early Electrophysiological Markers of Navigational Affordances in Scenes Assaf Harel1, Jeffery D. Nador1, Michael F. Bonner2, and Russell A. Epstein3 Abstract ■ Scene perception and spatial navigation are interdependent cognitive functions, and there is increasing evidence that corti- cal areas that process perceptual scene properties also carry information about the potential for navigation in the environ- ment (navigational affordances). Tuttavia, the temporal stages by which

Going Beyond Rote Auditory Learning: Neural Patterns of Generalized Auditory Learning Shannon L. M. Heald1 , Stephen C. Van Hedger2, John Veillette1, Katherine Reis1, Joel S. Snyder3, and Howard C. Nusbaum1 Abstract ■ The ability to generalize across specific experiences is vital for the recognition of new patterns, especially in speech percep- tion considering acoustic–phonetic pattern variability. Infatti, behavioral research has demonstrated that listeners are

The Neural Representation of Events Is Dominated by Elements that Are Most Reliably Present Konstantinos Bromis1*, Petar P. Raykov1*, Leah Wickens1, Warrick Roseboom1,2, and Chris M. Bird1 Abstract ■ An episodic memory is specific to an event that occurred at a particular time and place. Tuttavia, the elements that constitute the event—the location, the people present, and their actions and goals—might be shared with numerous

Dropping Beans or Spilling Secrets: How Idiomatic Context Bias Affects Prediction Manon Hendriks*, Wendy van Ginkel*, Ton Dijkstra, and Vitória Piai Abstract ■ Idioms can have both a literal interpretation and a figurative interpretation (per esempio., to “kick the bucket”). Which interpretation should be activated can be disambiguated by a preceding context (per esempio., “The old man was sick. He kicked the bucket.”). We investi- gated whether

Spatial and Feature-selective Attention Have Distinct, Interacting Effects on Population-level Tuning Erin Goddard1,2 , Thomas A. Carlson2,3, and Alexandra Woolgar2,4 Abstract ■ Attention can be deployed in different ways: When searching for a taxi in New York City, we can decide where to attend (per esempio., to the street) and what to attend to (per esempio., yellow cars). Although we use the same word to describe both