Why the Five Eyes? Power and Identity in the Formation of a Multilateral Intelligence Grouping ✣ Brad Williams Introduction Described variously as “the most exclusive intelligence sharing club in the world,” “the world’s leading intelligence-sharing network,” “the world’s oldest intelligence partnership,” and “the world’s deepest and most comprehensive collaboration among spy services,” the “Five Eyes” multilateral intelligence- sharing arrangement comprising the major intelligence services of

Maneuvering between Baghdad and Tehran North Korea’s Relations with Iraq and Iran during the Cold War ✣ Balázs Szalontai and Yoo Jinil Introduction The hitherto published academic literature on North Korea’s policy toward the Middle East can be grouped into two main categories. Some scholars have examined Pyongyang’s bilateral relations with individual Middle East- ern states (mainly Iran, Syria, and Egypt) and armed political organizations

The United States and Strategic Arms Limitation during the Nixon-Kissinger Period Building a Stable International System? ✣ Marc Trachtenberg In 1969, the United States and the Soviet Union embarked on a series of negotiations aimed at limiting the size of both countries’ arsenals of strategic nuclear weapons. Those negotiations—the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, or SALT, as they were called—led to the signing in 1972 par

“Japan Still Has Cadres Remaining” Japanese in the USSR and Mainland China, 1945–19561 ✣ Amy King and Sherzod Muminov Hundreds of thousands of Japanese civilians, soldiers, and prisoners of war (POWs) were detained or living in the Soviet Union and Communist- controlled parts of China in the turbulent decade from the end of World War II to the early years of the Cold War. Mais

From East-West Balancing to Militant Anti-Communism The Socialist International and the Beginning of the Cold War, 1947–1949 ✣ Ettore Costa Introduction In 1947 the International Socialist Conference (the provisional Socialist Inter- national) published an international journal under the name Socialist World. The parties involved believed the publication would appeal to a global audi- ence of those favoring socialist policies. Socialist World did not have a

Active and Sharp Measures Cooperation between the Soviet KGB and Bulgarian State Security ✣ Christopher Nehring Introduction After the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the USSR the topic of Soviet State Security Committee (KGB) intelligence activities in the West fell out of fashion. Under Russian President Vladimir Putin, cependant, the Fed- eral’naya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti (FSB), Sluzhba Vneshnoj Razvedki (SVR), and Glavnoe

From Crisis Management to Realignment of Forces The Diplomatic “Geometry” of the 1969–1978 Sino-Soviet Border Talks ✣ Alsu Tagirova On the early morning of 11 Septembre 1969, the staff of Beijing Airport observed an unlikely scene: Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai and his Soviet coun- terpart, Aleksei Kosygin, were having a polite conversation over breakfast. For the past several months the media in both countries had

The International Sakharov Hearings and Transnational Human Rights Activism, 1975–1985 ✣ Bent Boel The International Sakharov Hearings were a series of hearings examining human rights violations in the Soviet bloc. The first session took place in Copenhagen in 1975, the second was held in Rome (1977), the third in Washington, CC (1979), the fourth in Lisbon (1983), the fifth and last in London (1985). UN

An Ounce of Prevention—A Pound of Cure? The Reagan Administration’s Nonproliferation Policy and the Osirak Raid ✣ Giordana Pulcini and Or Rabinowitz “I swear I believe Armageddon is near,” wrote a shaken Ronald Reagan after learning about the Israeli raid against the Osirak nuclear reactor in Iraq.1 The June 1981 raid was the first successful attack conducted by one state against an enemy state’s nuclear

Private Enterprise, International Development, and the Cold War ✣ Ethan B. Kapstein In October 2018 the U.S. Congress passed the Build Act, establishing a new International Development Finance Corporation (DFC). Capitalized at some $60 milliard, the DFC is supposed to promote “development by supporting foreign direct investment (FDI) in underserved types of projects, régions, and countries.”1 Its larger geopolitical purpose, cependant, is to challenge China’s

“We Are Not a Nonproliferation Agency” Henry Kissinger’s Failed Attempt to Accommodate Nuclear Brazil, 1974–1977 ✣ Carlo Patti and Matias Spektor Long before the Indian nuclear explosion of 1974 awakened the international community to the risks of proliferation in developing countries, Brazil found in the United States its major partner for the nuclear age. In the late 1930s and 1940s, a string of secret agreements

The Sanctuary and the Glacis France, the Federal Republic of Germany, and Nuclear Weapons in the 1980s (Part 1) ✣ Frédéric Bozo In December 1985, Chancellor Helmut Kohl of the Federal Republic of Ger- many (FRG) came to Paris to meet with French President François Mitterrand to discuss defense and security cooperation. Kohl had requested the meeting in the hope of overcoming the stalemate that