Functional Specificity and Sex Differences in the Neural Circuits Supporting the Inhibition of Automatic Imitation Kohinoor M. Darda*, Emily E. Butler*, and Richard Ramsey Abstract ■ Humans show an involuntary tendency to copy other people’s actions. Although automatic imitation builds rapport and affilia- tion between individuals, we do not copy actions indiscriminately. En cambio, copying behaviors are guided by a selection mechanism, which inhibits some actions

Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus Does Not Affect the Decrease of Decision Threshold during the Choice Process When There Is No Conflict, Time Pressure, or Reward Friederike Leimbach1, Dejan Georgiev1, Vladimir Litvak1, Chrystalina Antoniades2, Patricia Limousin1, Marjan Jahanshahi1,3, and Rafal Bogacz2 Abstract ■ During a decision process, the evidence supporting alter- native options is integrated over time, and the choice is made when

Stress Elevates Frontal Midline Theta in Feedback-based Category Learning of Exceptions Marcus Paul1, Marie-Christin Fellner1, Gerd T. Waldhauser1, John Paul Minda2, Nikolai Axmacher1, Boris Suchan1, and Oliver T. Wolf1 Abstract ■ Adapting behavior based on category knowledge is a funda- mental cognitive function, which can be achieved via different learning strategies relying on different systems in the brain. Whereas the learning of typical category members

Theta-band Oscillations in the Middle Temporal Gyrus Reflect Novel Word Consolidation Iske Bakker-Marshall1, Atsuko Takashima1,2, Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen1, Janet G. van Hell3, Gabriele Janzen1, and James M. McQueen1,2 Abstract ■ Like many other types of memory formation, novel word learning benefits from an offline consolidation period after the initial encoding phase. A previous EEG study has shown that re- trieval of novel words elicited more word-like-induced

Alpha Oscillations during Incidental Encoding Predict Subsequent Memory for New “Foil” Information David A. Vogelsang1, Matthias Gruber2,3, Zara M. Bergström4, Charan Ranganath2, and Jon S. Simons1 Abstract ■ People can employ adaptive strategies to increase the like- lihood that previously encoded information will be successfully retrieved. One such strategy is to constrain retrieval toward rel- evant information by reimplementing the neurocognitive pro- cesses that were

Dissociating Landmark Stability from Orienting Value Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Stephen D. Auger and Eleanor A. Maguire Abstract ■ Retrosplenial cortex (RSC) plays a role in using environmental landmarks to help orientate oneself in space. It has also been consistently implicated in processing landmarks that remain fixed in a permanent location. Sin embargo, it is not clear whether the RSC represents the permanent landmarks themselves

Memory Contextualization: The Role of Prefrontal Cortex in Functional Integration across Item and Context Representational Regions Wei Zhang1,2, Vanessa A. van Ast3, Floris Klumpers1,2, Karin Roelofs1,2*, and Erno J. Hermans1,4* Abstract ■ Memory recall is facilitated when retrieval occurs in the orig- inal encoding context. This context dependency effect likely re- sults from the automatic binding of central elements of an experience with contextual features

Modulation of Neural Oscillatory Activity during Dynamic Face Processing Elaine Foley, Gina Rippon, and Carl Senior Abstract ■ Various neuroimaging and neurophysiological methods have been used to examine neural activation patterns in response to faces. Sin embargo, much of previous research has relied on static images of faces, which do not allow a complete description of the temporal structure of face-specific neural activities to be made.

Transcranial Cerebellar Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Verb Generation but Not Verb Naming in Poststroke Aphasia Paola Marangolo1,2, Valentina Fiori2, Carlo Caltagirone2,3, Francesca Pisano1, and Alberto Priori4 Abstract ■ Although the role of the cerebellum in motor function is well recognized, its involvement in the lexical domain remains to be further elucidated. En efecto, it has not yet been clarified whether the cerebellum is a language structure

Functional Preference for Object Sounds and Voices in the Brain of Early Blind and Sighted Individuals Giulia Dormal1,2, Maxime Pelland1, Mohamed Rezk2, Esther Yakobov4, Franco Lepore1, and Olivier Collignon1,2,3 Abstract ■ Sounds activate occipital regions in early blind individuals. Sin embargo, how different sound categories map onto specific re- gions of the occipital cortex remains a matter of debate. We used fMRI to characterize brain responses

Restoration of fMRI Decodability Does Not Imply Latent Working Memory States Sebastian Schneegans and Paul M. Bays Abstract ■ Recent imaging studies have challenged the prevailing view that working memory is mediated by sustained neural activity. Using machine learning methods to reconstruct mem- ory content, these studies found that previously diminished representations can be restored by retrospective cueing or other forms of stimulation. Estos hallazgos

Saccade Reorienting Is Facilitated by Pausing the Oculomotor Program Antimo Buonocore1, Simran Purokayastha2, and Robert D. McIntosh2 Abstract ■ As we look around the world, selecting our targets, compet- ing events may occur at other locations. Depending on current goals, the viewer must decide whether to look at new events or to ignore them. Two experimental paradigms formalize these response options: double-step saccades and saccadic

Temporal Anticipation Based on Memory André M. Cravo1, Gustavo Rohenkohl2, Karin Moreira Santos1, and Anna C. Nobre2 Abstract ■ The fundamental role that our long-term memories play in guiding perception is increasingly recognized, but the func- tional and neural mechanisms are just beginning to be explored. Although experimental approaches are being developed to in- vestigate the influence of long-term memories on perception, these remain mostly

Imaginative Reinforcement Learning: Computational Principles and Neural Mechanisms Samuel J. Gershman, Jimmy Zhou, and Cody Kommers Abstract ■ Imagination enables us not only to transcend reality but also to learn about it. In the context of reinforcement learning, an agent can rationally update its value estimates by simulating an internal model of the environment, provided that the model is accurate. In a series of sequential

The Phenomenal Contents and Neural Correlates of Spontaneous Thoughts across Wakefulness, NREM Sleep, and REM Sleep Lampros Perogamvros1,2,3, Benjamin Baird1, Mitja Seibold4, Brady Riedner1, Melanie Boly1, and Giulio Tononi1 D o w n l o a d e d f r o m Abstract ■ Thoughts occur during wake as well as during dreaming sleep. Using experience sampling combined with high-density EEG, we investigated the

Social and Nonsocial Relational Reasoning in Adolescence and Adulthood Lucía Magis-Weinberg1, Sarah-Jayne Blakemore1, and Iroise Dumontheil2 Abstract ■ Reasoning during social interactions requires the individual manipulation of mental representations of one’s own traits and those of other people as well as their joint consideration (rela- tional integration). Research using nonsocial paradigms has linked relational integration to activity in the rostrolateral PFC. Aquí, we investigated whether

Distractor-resistant Short-Term Memory Is Supported by Transient Changes in Neural Stimulus Representations Jan Derrfuss1,2, Matthias Ekman1, Michael Hanke3,4, Marc Tittgemeyer5, and Christian J. Fiebach1,6,7 Abstract ■ Goal-directed behavior in a complex world requires the mainte- nance of goal-relevant information despite multiple sources of dis- traction. Sin embargo, the brain mechanisms underlying distractor- resistant working or short-term memory (STM) are not fully under- permaneció. Although early single-unit

Dynamics of White Matter Plasticity Underlying Working Memory Training: Multimodal Evidence from Diffusion MRI and Relaxometry Claudia Metzler-Baddeley1, Sonya Foley1, Silvia de Santis2, Cyril Charron1, Adam Hampshire3, Karen Caeyenberghs4, y Derek K.. Jones1,4 D o w n l o a d e d f r o m Abstract ■ Adaptive working memory (W.M.) training may lead to cogni- tive benefits that are associated with white