RESEARCH ARTICLE
An analysis of the development of Chinese
STM journals in the past 30 Jahre
Liu Xiaomin
National Science Library, Chinesische Akademie der Wissenschaft, Peking, China
Keine offenen Zugänge
Tagebuch
Schlüsselwörter: author analysis, article analysis, cited articles, Chinese STM journals, CSCD
Zitat: Xiaomin, L. (2021). An analysis
of the development of Chinese STM
journals in the past 30 Jahre.
Quantitative Science Studies, 2(1),
292–299. https://doi.org/10.1162
/qss_a_00107
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00107
Erhalten: 31 Marsch 2020
Akzeptiert: 17 Oktober 2020
Korrespondierender Autor:
Liu Xiaomin
liuxm@mail.las.ac.cn
Handling-Editor:
Liying Yang
ABSTRAKT
China publishes 5,052 academic journals in science, Technologie, and medicine. It ranks third
in terms of the number of publications, behind the United States and the United Kingdom. In
recent years, English-language journals have increased annually in China, but there are only
just over 300 English journals published, accounting for about 6.5% of all published journals,
whereas Chinese journals account for about 93.5%. Using 30 years’ data from the Chinese
science citation database (CSCD), I compiled statistics on the average number of papers, Die
average number of references, the language of references, the distribution of author age, usw.
I also analyzed the role of Chinese STM journals in terms of their academic significance. Es
is observed that the average number of journal papers and references per paper has been on
the rise in the past 30 Jahre. English literature accounts for a large proportion of the references,
and the authors are young. The conclusion is that Chinese journals are important for young
scholars to publish their papers, and Chinese scholars widely use international research results
for reference in their research.
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1.
EINFÜHRUNG
The importance of academic journals in the scientific community is self-evident. Currently, um
42,000 (Ulrichsweb Global Serials Directory, n.d.) STM academic journals are published world-
wide. Among them 5,052 (China Association for Science and Technology, 2019) are published in
China (mehr als 3,300 of which are in Ulrichsweb), behind only the United States and the
Großbritannien. The history of Chinese STM journals is not long, with around 43% of them
founded after 1990. National Medical Journal of China (available in Chinese and English), Die
earliest published STM journal, was founded in 1915. In the past 30 Jahre, the number of STM
journals in China has increased rapidly. More than 330 journals published in the last 5 years are
available in English, accounting for 6.7% of all Chinese STM journals (C-STMJs). C-STMJs are
Entwicklung, not only in terms of the number of journals published, but also in their characteristics.
I studied Chinese Science Citation Index (CSCD) data and used quantitative methods to delineate
the development of C-STMJs over the past 30 Jahre.
CSCD was created by the National Science Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in
1989 and was China’s first citation database. The mechanism of the CSCD database is very sim-
ilar to the Science Citations Index (SCI), which draws citation networks to reveal the context of
scientific research. It also establishes criteria to select outstanding academic journals and sets
data processing standards to standardize the data of key contents. It currently has three data-
bases, namely CSCD, CSCD-JCR, and CSCD-ESI. CSCD makes full use of citation relationships
Urheberrechte ©: © 2021 Liu Xiaomin.
Veröffentlicht unter Creative Commons
Namensnennung 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Lizenz.
Die MIT-Presse
An analysis of the development of Chinese STM journals in the past 30 Jahre
to provide a document database for document retrieval and information discovery. CSCD-JCR is
an annual statistical report of journals based on CSCD data, including CSCD-sourced journal
citation frequency, impact factor, citation/cited half-life, mutual journal citations, feature factors,
number of published papers, and other quantitative indices. It also provides the frequency of
citations for all non-CSCD-sourced journals in 60 categories. CSCD-ESI is a statistical report
of annualized paper publication and influence based on CSCD and SCI data. It includes
published papers by various institutes and provincial and municipal governments, indexed
by citation of all papers in the past 5 years and the number of highly cited papers, among
Andere. Despite having an independent domain name (http://cscd.ac.cn), CSCD also operates
on the Web of Science ( WoS) platform, which makes it the first non-English citation database
on WoS. As of February 2020, CSCD has 1,229 journals, 5.39 million papers, mehr als
75.1 million records of citation data, um 250,000 new papers, and more than 6 Million
records of citations.
CSCD selects from all Chinese and English STM journals published in China. In 2019, 1,229
journals passed the selection criteria of CSCD, accounting for 24.32% of all C-STMJs. The selec-
tion uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative calculation is the
main method for selecting journals, and qualitative evaluation involves the participation of peer
Experten. CSCD, through extensive data analysis and trend monitoring, optimized its selection
metric from a type-focused one at the beginning to an impact-focused one now. Impact is con-
sidered on the level of both individual papers and journals. The ratio between the frequency of
citations and the number of cited papers is also taken into account. A journal’s citation of its own
papers is excluded, and only citation by papers from other journals is registered. Gesamt, Dort
are eight indicators, including 5-year cited impact factors, eigenfactor scores, ratio of citing
journals, ratio of cited papers to published papers, mutual citations of journals, and average level
of journal in the discipline. After calculating the comprehensive score of the eight indicators,
Bradford’s Law is applied to delineate the thresholds for journal selection in each discipline.
The key to journal selection is to define the disciplinary attributes (Zhang, Liu, & Wu, 2016)
and conduct intradiscipline comparisons among journals. Zu diesem Zweck, the influence of a certain
journal in different disciplines is calculated to determine its discipline. Journals that fail to reach
the CSCD quantitative threshold are eliminated. Publications with severe postponements or
violations of publication ethics are also dropped.
In 1989, there were only 312 CSCD journals. Applying Bradford’s Law, it is found that the
ratio of the number of CSCD journals to the total number of C-STMJs fluctuated around 0.23.
With the increase in number of Chinese STM journals, the number of CSCD journals has also
risen accordingly. Es gab 312 CSCD journals in 1989, 594 In 1995, Und 990 In 1999. In
2003, 1,040 journals were collected in CSCD and the number has since been relatively stable,
with only small increases. In 2019, there were 1,229 CSCD journals. They are archived by CSCD
in the language of publication, the majority in Chinese. Of the 315 journals included in CSCD
In 1989, 14 were in English; von 2019, 225 of them were in English.
By studying CSCD data in the recent three decades, I captured the development of C-STMJ
core journals and features of leading Chinese journals.
2. DATA AND ANALYSIS
The statistics in this article are based on research papers and literature reviews published on
CSCD journals. The features of Chinese journals are described from paper publication, Papier
citations, and author’s age. As the data for 2019 are not yet complete, the data for published
papers in 2019 is not calculated. Zusätzlich, the granularity of data processing is different in
Quantitative Science Studies
293
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An analysis of the development of Chinese STM journals in the past 30 Jahre
different times. The data in this article on paper publication come from 1989–2018, and the data
related to references are from 2002–2018.
According to statistics from 1989 Zu 2018, the number of published articles per journal (CSCD-
A/J) increased rapidly from 1989 Zu 2010. CSCD-A/J was 87.79 (articles) In 1989, Und 200.32 In
2018. Der 2018 number is 2.28 times that of 1989. The highest value of CSCD-A/J appeared
In 2010 bei 255.46 articles. Aus 2009 Zu 2013, the number of published articles per journal
remained above 250, and began to decrease in 2014 (Figur 1).
Based on the JCR data from SCI (Clarivate Analytics Journal Citation Reports, 1997–2018), Die
number of articles published in SCI per journal in 1997-C-STMJ2018 was calculated. The SCI-A/J
value increased slightly amid a generally steady trend. In 1997, SCI-A/J was 107.2 articles. It in-
creased 1.5 times to 171 articles in 2018.
Seit 1997, CSCD-A/J values have been consistently larger than SCI-A/J. In 1997, CSCD-A/J
War 116.52 articles, and in the same period SCI-A/J was 107.2 articles. The year 2010 saw the
largest gap between the two with a difference of 121.7 (CSCD-A/J = 255.46, SCI-A/J = 133.8).
The number of papers published in CSCD-J journals has exploded, and the number of papers
published by SCI journals has increased slightly in a steady trend. The indicator of CSCD-A/J can
reveal the trend of papers in Chinese STM journals. The decline in CSCD-A/J has been less sharp
seit 2015. The decline does not mean a weakening of demand for published papers, but rather
that journals and periodicals stepped up their emphasis on paper quality. For a period before
2015, to adapt to the rapid increase in the demand for published papers, journal content was
blindly enlarged. But this expansion quickly showed negative effects. The decline in the quality
of journals was criticized by scholars, which forced some journals to stop publishing as many
papers as possible.
C-STMJs are rarely bilingual and mainly Chinese. From the perspective of scholarly commu-
nikation, having English abstracts better disseminates research results. In 2002, 80.01% of CSCD
journals already had English abstracts, which rose to 84.44% In 2018. Infolge, CSCD was
included in the WoS when more than 80% of its papers had English abstracts, meaning that
more Chinese journals could be understood globally.
In 1989 Zu 2018, 5.043 million papers were published on CSCD journals by 1996.29 Million
authors. In 1989, the degree of author collaboration was 2.9, und in 2018, the degree was 4.7. Also
during the 30 Jahre, the degree of author collaboration was on the rise. In terms of the number of
authors and the distribution of published papers, the proportion of papers published by a single
author in 1989 War 23.14%, but by 2018 this figure was only 3.33%. In 1989, the number of
papers published by two coauthors was the largest group, accounting for 27.88% of all the
Figur 1. CSCD and SCI: the number of published articles per journal.
Quantitative Science Studies
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An analysis of the development of Chinese STM journals in the past 30 Jahre
Figur 2. Age distribution of first authors.
papers published that year, but by 2018 this figure had dropped to 10.92%. The proportion of the
papers by one to three authors showed a downward trend and the proportion of papers by four or
more authors has been increasing. In 2018, the proportion of papers by four authors increased by
1.57 times compared to 1989. The number of papers by five authors increased by 1.69 mal, Und
the number of papers by six to nine authors increased by 2.62, 2.65, 2.39, Und 2.40 times respec-
aktiv. The number of papers with more than 10 authors increased by 1.75 mal. Although the
number of papers with 8–10 authors accounted for a small percentage in all papers (nur 3.01%
In 1989), it had risen to 12.59% von 2018. In 1989, the number of papers with one to three authors
accounted for 71.65% of the total, falling to 68.49% In 2018. These data show that China’s
scientific research model in the past 30 years has shifted from independent research to joint
Forschung, with cooperation becoming the new normal.
To research the author characteristics of the CSCD journal, I analyzed the ages of authors who
published papers between 2002 Und 2018. Age information on around 20% of authors was
verfügbar. It is typical in China to place special emphasis on the first author, so here I make a
distinction between the age distributions of the first authors and of all authors. After collecting the
author’s age information, the age is divided into a time periods of 5 Jahre, and the proportion
of each age group to the number of authors with age information for the year is calculated. Für
first authors (FIR-Auth), those between 21 Und 40 years old accounted for about 77% of all first
authors, which meant they are productive. First authors under the age of 30 were on the rise,
accounting for 45.18% In 2018, making them an important author group. The proportion of
authors over the age of 31 was declining gradually, especially between the ages of 36 Und 40, welche
decreased by 11.01% In 2018 compared with 2002. The proportion of authors aged 41–45 was
relatively high in 2004–2009, but was only 8.72% In 2018, the same as in 2002 (Figur 2).
The overall age distribution in the group of all authors (All-Auth) is consistent with that of first
authors (First-Auth). About 66% of All-Auth were aged between 21 Und 40, lower than 77% In
the Fir-Auth age group of 21–40. The number of authors under the age of 30 is on the rise,
becoming an important group for publishing papers. Unlike Fir-Auth, the proportion of authors
aged between 31 Und 40 varied slightly from year to year, but was relatively stable. Der Profi-
portion of authors aged 51–55 in All-Auth is significantly higher than that in Fir-Auth, especially
Quantitative Science Studies
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An analysis of the development of Chinese STM journals in the past 30 Jahre
nach 2014, with a 4–5 percentage points margin, which partly resulted from the cooperation
between young authors and experienced researchers.
The age distribution in All-Auth and Fir-Auth reveals that young professionals under the age
von 30 make up the majority of authors for CSCD journals and the declining trend in the age of
authors is conspicuous.
References show the author’s understanding of extant researches and are the basis of sci-
entific research. daher, authors’ habits when using literature can also be understood
through reference statistics. Between 2002 Und 2018, CSCD journals had 6.591 million re-
cords of references, and the average number of references per paper increased from 9.18 In
2002 Zu 24.28 In 2018 (Figur 3). Despite a rapid increase, the number was still lower than the
international average of 35 references per paper (Scimago Lab, 2018). CSCD-J’s references
include journal papers, Monographien, conference proceedings, theses and dissertations, Und
patents. Journal papers take up a significant proportion: 75.23% of the total references in
2002 rising to 87.62% In 2018. Monographs are another important type of literature, account-
ing for 15.79% of all references in 2002 but falling to a mere 4.15% In 2018. This shows that
in scientific research, Chinese scholars are more accustomed to using journal literature, Und
that journal papers are becoming more and more important in scientific research.
From the perspective of the annual distribution of journal references, comparing 2018 Zu 2002,
80% of the total journal citations were published in the preceding 15 Jahre. In 2018, 8.72% of the
citations were published in the preceding two years, whereas this number for 2002 Ist 7.72%.
About 67% of the references are to foreign journals. Seit 2002, the journals cited most often
are Nature, Wissenschaft, Journal of the American Chemistry Society, Cell, New England Journal of
Medicine, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,
Physical Review Letters, Lancet, Journal of Biological Chemistry, and Physical Review B. Seit
2014, PLOS ONE has become a highly cited journal, behind Nature and Science. Nach
to the SCI-JCR data, these journals are also highly cited jounals in SCI. The journals cited by
Chinese and foreign scholars are consistently similar.
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Weiter, nur 33% of referenced journal papers were Chinese journal articles. In 2002, Die
percentage was 33.73%. Between 2007 Und 2014, the figure reached about 37%, but by 2018
it had dropped to 33.86%. These data indicate that Chinese scholars are inclined to use Western
Literatur. Interessant, I counted the number of documents whose authors’ names possessed
Chinese characteristics. The proportion of journal papers in Chinese and English journals by
Chinese authors in all CSCD references increased from 46.32% In 2002 Zu 58.80% In 2018.
From this point of view, although the citation proportion of English journals is about 66%, eins
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Figur 3. CSCD: average references per article.
Quantitative Science Studies
296
An analysis of the development of Chinese STM journals in the past 30 Jahre
Tisch 1. Distribution of the number and frequency of cited papers from 1989 Zu 2018
Frequency of
Zitat (C)
49,117
Average citation
per paper (C/AC)
3.92
Proportion of cited papers in
all CSCD papers (AC/A) (%)
45.69
Number of cited
CSCD papers (Wechselstrom)
12,516
13,512
13,908
15,152
15,696
18,729
20,013
36,136
39,228
4,2855
64,726
84,727
90,526
103,413
119,094
130,987
145,135
157,079
171,033
173,553
183,136
186,882
186,565
182,402
175,607
166,259
156,263
137,627
113,295
62,065
Year
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Total
54,977
58,824
62,480
69,767
92,692
101,071
176,974
200,645
229,862
341,141
475,225
507,972
590,767
676,123
724,247
776,537
816,508
819,332
798,483
790,452
788,558
753,876
697,441
640,940
560,598
481,820
364,930
247,943
101,410
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4.07
4.23
4.12
4.44
4.95
5.05
4.90
5.11
5.36
5.27
5.61
5.61
5.71
5.68
5.53
5.35
5.20
4.79
4.60
4.32
4.22
4.04
3.82
3.65
3.37
3.08
2.65
2.19
1.63
4.32
47.17
47.44
48.64
48.74
56.60
56.51
54.32
56.46
60.30
46.54
58.55
60.50
67.95
68.16
68.93
69.43
69.59
66.70
65.74
64.81
65.14
65.76
64.20
63.29
60.12
58.83
53.17
45.10
25.21
59.85
3,018,119
13,050,712
Quantitative Science Studies
297
An analysis of the development of Chinese STM journals in the past 30 Jahre
third of them come from Chinese authors, indicating that Chinese scholars cited scientific re-
search groups that they were more familiar with.
How influential have published papers been since 1989? I looked into all cited CSCD papers
aus 1989 Zu 2018. Among the 5.043 million CSCD papers, 3.013 million were cited (art_cited,
Wechselstrom), and the yearly average proportion of cited papers in all published papers (AC/A) War 59.85%,
Wo 2005 Und 2006 saw the highest AC/A at 69.43% Und 69.59% jeweils. AC/A was
lowest in 1989–1999 and had been on the rise since 2000. Statistics show that at least half of
the papers published every year were cited after publication and attracted scholarly interest.
A total of 3.013 million papers were cited 13.53 million times (Tisch 1). The average frequency
of citations per paper (C/A) War 4.32. The peak C/A appeared in 2002 and reached 5.71 mal.
Seit 2007, the values of AC/A and C/A had been decreasing. Among the Art_cited group, those
cited once accounted for about 33%, those cited twice about 20%, and those cited three times
um 12%. 80% of citation frequencies came from papers cited four or more times, welche
account for about 35% of all cited papers. In 1997–2006, where C/A > 5, papers cited once
accounted for less than 30%. Based on data from 2002 Und 2006, the peak C/A was in 2002,
and the peak of AC/A was in 2006. Compared with 2002, both the number of cited articles and
the frequency of citation per journal showed an increase, but C/A did not increase with them. Von
calculating the median of average citation per paper (C), number of cited articles (Wechselstrom), und das
sum frequency of citation (sum_cit), I found that the medians AC were 7 in both 2002 Und 2006,
the medians for C were 86.5 Und 81 jeweils, and the medians for sum_cit were 651 Und
630. It could be seen that the C and sum_cit values in 2002 were higher than in 2006, welche
indicated that more highly cited papers were published in 2002. The data showed that although
around half of all journal papers were cited, a large number of papers were cited 1–4 times, Und
there were only a few high-impact papers.
3. CONCLUSION
The paper analyzed CSCD data on number of published papers, frequency of being cited, author
collaboration and use of references to delineate the development of CSTMJs in the most recent
three decades. The selection criteria of CSCD make it highly representative of STM journals in
China and the rich data from it makes it a good study subject. Erste, the types of STM journals in
China experienced a rapid expansion, from above 2,000 in the 1990s to 5,052 so far. Among
them English journals grew fastest, by almost eight times from above 40 in the 1990s to more than
330 so far. In 1999, 35 Chinese journals were collected in SCI and this number grew sevenfold to
250 In 2020. The trend is consistent with the increase of English journals in China. Zweite, Die
average annual number of published journal papers exploded exponentially. In 2018 the number
War 2.3 times of that in 1989. Dritte, collaboration is more extensive. The average number of
authors per paper was 2.9 In 1989 Und 4.7 In 2018, corresponding to the rising trend of interna-
tional collaboration (Adams, 2012; Gui, Liu, & Von, 2019). Vierte, the authors of C-STMJs are
becoming noticeably younger. Whether among first authors or all authors, 50% of them were
unter 35 Jahre alt. Fünfte, the number of references increased, meaning that Chinese scientists
are drawing more on existing research, but the number was still lower than the international
average. The fact that about 33% references are from C-STMJs, whereas about 33% are from
English journals showed that Chinese scholars are referring more to research results from their
international counterparts. The influence of C-STMJs is shown by the fact that 70% of them were
cited after publication.
This article described the general trend of STM journals in China in the past three decades
based on CSCD data only. Statistics suggest that C-STMJs played an important role in domestic
Quantitative Science Studies
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An analysis of the development of Chinese STM journals in the past 30 Jahre
scholarly communication. But there are also limitations to the findings. Different disciplines
may have their specific publication and citation standards, which is not discussed in this article.
Außerdem, the relation between data was not exploited to a deeper extent, such as whether
authors cited their own works or whether collaborators referenced each others’ publication. Es ist
worth noting that STM papers by young scholars have been widely cited.
COMPETING INTERESTS
The author has no competing interests.
FUNDING INFORMATION
No funding has been received for this research.
DATA AVAILABILITY
The data for this article can be found at http://www.cscd.ac.cn.
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