FOKUS-FUNKTION:
Bridging Scales and Levels
Editorial: Bridging Scales and Levels
Emma K. Towlson
1,2
and Fabrizio De Vico Fallani
3,4
1Center for Complex Network Research, Nordöstliche Universität, Boston, MA 02115, USA
2Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
3Inria, Aramis project-team, F-75013, Paris, Frankreich
Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225,
Sorbonne Université, F-75013, Paris, Frankreich
4
ABSTRAKT
Network neuroscience strives to understand the networks of the brain on all spatiotemporal
scales and levels of observation. Current experimental and theoretical capabilities are
beginning to facilitate a more holistic perspective, uniting these networks. This focus feature,
“Bridging Scales and Levels,” aims to document current research and looks to future progress
towards this vision.
One of the greatest assets of network neuroscience is its ability to transcend and unite disparate
disciplinary approaches to understanding the brain. This is particularly valuable when it comes
to spatiotemporal scales. From genes and proteins interacting in the cell, to signaling within
neuronal populations, to the integration of cortical regions, and even the brain itself within
der Körper, the brain is inescapably, on all scales, a network. Different timescales govern the
operation of each part, from milliseconds-long molecular interactions, to the seconds and
minutes for circuit and whole brain dynamics, to days and upwards for some brain-behavior
and social interactions, and neurological diseases. At a given spatiotemporal scale, there is
a further choice of the level on which to observe and question. These levels range from that
of the single component (a gene of interest, the dynamics of a single neuron, or the role of a
brain region), to circuitry and sub-systems, to the whole population. Letzten Endes, each of these
pieces must be united to complete the puzzles presented by the brain. And that means finding
ways to bridge the scales and levels.
The given scale and level often guides the type of approach taken, and the disciplinary specific
knowledge and skills required. Zum Beispiel, collecting fMRI data relies on imaging technol-
Ogy; data analysis may need expertise in signal processing, machine learning, Statistiken, usw.
The scientific question and the outcome interpretation need crucial inputs from neuroscience-
related disciplines. To piece all of these components together, there is thus a need within
network neuroscience for forums within which these distinct communities can connect, share
Ideen, and learn to speak each other’s languages. This is what we set out to provide, Wann
we held a one-day satellite symposium on Network Neuroscience at the international meeting
NetSci 2017, in Indianapolis – the annual flagship conference for the Network Science Society.
The strong attendance of the satellite, including around 120 Teilnehmer, is testament to the
enthusiasm within the network science community for neuroscientific applications and inspi-
rations. Our ambitions necessarily included bridging communities further afield – welcoming
in neuroscientific researchers who may not traditionally have attended a network science con-
Referenz. This satellite was thus pivotal in that it marked the transition from the highly popular
Brain Networks satellite that had run for the previous two years to a full-fledged Network
Neuroscience satellite, enveloping all aspects of the field.
The result was a fast-paced, energetic, and vibrant day with representation from all corners
of network neuroscience, über 17 oral presentations and nearly 40 posters. One talk was
Keine offenen Zugänge
Tagebuch
Zitat: Towlson, E. K., & De Vico
Fallani, F. (2018). Editorial: Bridging
Scales and Levels. Netzwerk
Neurowissenschaften, 2(3), 303–305.
https://doi.org/10.1162/netn_e_00059
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1162/netn_e_00059
Urheberrechte ©: © 2018
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Veröffentlicht unter Creative Commons
Namensnennung 4.0 International
(CC BY 4.0) Lizenz
Die MIT-Presse
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Editorial: Bridging Scales and Levels
delivered remotely from Europe, and all talks were streamed via Facebook live (many of which
obtained >200 views on the same day). Presenters were invited to submit their work to
Netzwerkneurowissenschaften, to provide a snapshot of the topics of the day, and to ignite wider
debate around the theme of this focus feature: “Bridging Scales and Levels.”
The relationship between structure and function remains of prominent interest in network
neuroscience. Genetics-based approaches are gaining in popularity, and begin to attempt
to bridge the very small spatial scale of genes with the structure and function of whole brain
Regionen (Richiardi et al., 2015). A session on “Function and Dysfunction in the Human Brain”
saw contributions exploring the nature of large-scale whole-brain connectivity when things
work as expected (such as the nature of learning, Bassett and Mattar (2017)), and when they
don’t (such as in Alzheimer’s disease, de Haan (2017)). On pages 306–322, Amico and Goñi
(2018) extend an ICA-based framework to pick out concurrent features of structural and func-
tional connectivity in connectomes from the Human Connecome Project.
30 years on from the seminal mapping of its connectome, C. elegans still commands a big
presence in neuroscience (Yan et al., 2017). In der Tat, given our unparalleled knowledge of
its structure and behavior, and our experimental power to intervene, it is an organism with
enormous potential to bridge the scales and levels. OpenWorm represents an international,
interdisciplinary online community committed to creating a virtual worm. On pages 323–343,
Olivares, Izquierdo, and Beer (2018) demonstrate, through computational simulations, Das
neurons in the ventral nerve cord are capable of producing a central pattern generator that
drives locomotion.
Modern datasets are arriving with unprecedented, exquisite detail, and are often multimodal
in nature, presenting opportunities to study scales and levels concurrently. There is naturally
a demand for tools to study and integrate them. A “Computational Approaches” session in-
cluded a hands-on data showcase demonstrating the Allen Institute for Brain Science’s latest
data and tool releases. On pages 344–361, Keiriz et al. (2018) introduce a web-based visual-
ization platform with which to explore brain networks for research and clinical purposes; Die
authors demonstrated their platform at the satellite with virtual reality headsets.
Looking to the future of network neuroscience, we must develop theoretical and experimental
tools to link the scales and levels inherent in the brain. This is a challenge which necessarily
includes bridging traditionally disparate research communities, and fostering an environment
for effective communication and collaboration. The journal Network Neuroscience is one such
vital avenue for researchers to share results and keep abreast of the newest advances. Academic
meetings, including NetSci, are also starting to recognize this need, and have begun moving
towards connecting the disjoint landscape. Much work remains to be done towards “Bridging
Scales and Levels,” and the right forums to spark conversation and collaboration towards this
goal are essential.
VERWEISE
Allen Institute for Brain Science. (2015). Allen Brain Atlas Data
de Haan, W. (2017). The Virtual Trial. Frontiers in Neuroscience,
Portal. http://brain-map.org
11: 110.
Amico, E., & Goñi, J. (2018). Mapping Hybrid Functional-structural
Connectivity Traits in the Human Connectome. Network Neuro-
Wissenschaft, 306–322.
Bassett, D. S., & Mattar, M. G. (2017). A Network Neuroscience
of Human Learning: Potential to Inform Quantitative Theories of
Brain and Behavior. Trends in den Kognitionswissenschaften, 21(4), 250–264.
Keiriz, J. J. G., Zhan, L., Ajilore, O., Leow, A. D., & Forbes, A. G.
(2018). NeuroCave: A Web-based Immersive Visualization
Platform for Exploring Connectome Datasets. Network Neuro-
Wissenschaft, 344–361.
Olivares, E. O., Izquierdo, E. J., & Beer, R. D.
(2018). Potential
role of a ventral nerve cord central pattern generator in forward
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Editorial: Bridging Scales and Levels
and backward locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans. Netzwerk
Neurowissenschaften, 323–343
gene expression supports synchronous activity in brain networks.
Wissenschaft, 348(6240), 1241–1244.
OpenWorm Foundation. (2014). OpenWorm. http://openworm.
org
Richiardi, J., Altmann, A., Milazzo, A. C., Chang, C., Chakravarty,
M. M., Banaschewski, T., . . . Conrod, P. (2015). Correlated
Yan, G., Vértes, P. E., Towlson, E. K., Chew, Y. L., Walker, D. S.,
Schafer, W. S., & Barabási, A.-L. (2017). Network control prin-
ciples predict neuron function in the Caenorhabditis elegans
connectome. Natur, 550, 519–523.
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