The Association between Gray Matter Volume and Reading Proficiency: A Longitudinal Study of Beginning Readers Janosch Linkersdörfer1,2, Alina Jurcoane1,3, Sven Lindberg1,2, Jochen Kaiser3, Marcus Hasselhorn1,2,3, Christian J. Fiebach1,3,4, and Jan Lonnemann1,2 D o w n l o a d e d f r o m Abstract ■ Neural systems involved in the processing of written lan- guage have been identified by a number of functional

Real-time Functional Architecture of Visual Word Recognition Caroline Whiting1,2, Yury Shtyrov2,3,4,5, and William Marslen-Wilson1,2 Abstract ■ Despite a century of research into visual word recognition, basic questions remain unresolved about the functional architec- ture of the process that maps visual inputs from orthographic analysis onto lexical form and meaning and about the units of analysis in terms of which these processes are conducted. Here we

Adaptive Top–Down Suppression of Hippocampal Activity and the Purging of Intrusive Memories from Consciousness Roland G. Benoit1, Justin C. Hulbert2, Ean Huddleston3, and Michael C. Anderson3 D o w n l o a d e d f r o m Abstract ■ When reminded of unwanted memories, people often attempt to suppress these experiences from awareness. Prior work indicates that control processes mediated by the

Adolescents Adapt More Slowly than Adults to Varying Reward Contingencies Amir Homayoun Javadi1,2*, Dirk H. K. Schmidt1*, and Michael N. Smolka1 Abstract ■ It has been suggested that adolescents process rewards dif- ferently from adults, both cognitively and affectively. In an fMRI study we recorded brain BOLD activity of adolescents (age range = 14–15 years) and adults (age range = 20–39 years) to investigate the

Done That: Short-term Repetition Related Modulations of Motor Cortex Activity as a Stable Signature for Overnight Motor Memory Consolidation Ella Gabitov1, David Manor1,2, and Avi Karni1,2 Abstract ■ An almost universally accepted tacit expectation is that learning and memory consolidation processes must be re- flected in the average brain activity in brain areas relevant to task performance. Motor cortex (M1) plasticity has been impli- cated

Enhanced Alpha-oscillations in Visual Cortex during Anticipation of Self-generated Visual Stimulation Max-Philipp Stenner1,2, Markus Bauer1, Patrick Haggard1, Hans-Jochen Heinze2, and Ray Dolan1 Abstract ■ The perceived intensity of sensory stimuli is reduced when these stimuli are caused by the observerʼs actions. This phe- nomenon is traditionally explained by forward models of sen- sory action–outcome, which arise from motor processing. Although these forward models critically predict

The Decimal Effect: Behavioral and Neural Bases for a Novel Influence on Intertemporal Choice in Healthy Individuals and in ADHD Catherine Fassbender1, Sebastien Houde2, Shayla Silver-Balbus2, Kacey Ballard2, Bokyung Kim2, Kyle J. Rutledge1, J. Faye Dixon1, Ana-Maria Iosif 3, Julie B. Schweitzer1, and Samuel M. McClure2 D o w n l o a d e d f r o m Abstract ■ We identify a

On the Utility of Positive and Negative Feedback in a Paired-associate Learning Task Yael Arbel1,2, Anthony Murphy2, and Emanuel Donchin2 Abstract ■ This study offers a neurophysiological examination of the relationship between feedback processing and learning. A two-choice paired-associate learning task borrowed and modi- fied from Tricomi and Fiez [Tricomi, E., & Fiez, J. A. Feedback signals in the caudate reflect goal achievement on a

Disposed to Distraction: Genetic Variation in the Cholinergic System Influences Distractibility But Not Time-on-Task Effects Anne S. Berry1, Elise Demeter2, Surya Sabhapathy3, Brett A. English4, Randy D. Blakely4, Martin Sarter1, and Cindy Lustig1 D o w n l o a d e d f r o m Abstract ■ Both the passage of time and external distraction make it difficult to keep attention on the

Set-relevance Determines the Impact of Distractors on Episodic Memory Retrieval Sze Chai Kwok1, Tim Shallice2,3, and Emiliano Macaluso1 Abstract ■ We investigated the interplay between stimulus-driven atten- tion and memory retrieval with a novel interference paradigm that engaged both systems concurrently on each trial. Partici- pants encoded a 45-min movie on Day 1 Und, on Day 2, pro- formed a temporal order judgment task during

Predication Drives Verb Cortical Signatures Mireia Hernández1,2, Scott L. Fairhall3, Alessandro Lenci4, Marco Baroni3, and Alfonso Caramazza2,3 Abstract ■ Verbs and nouns are fundamental units of language, but their neural instantiation remains poorly understood. Neuro- psychological research has shown that nouns and verbs can be damaged independently of each other, and neuroimaging re- search has found that several brain regions respond differen- tially to the

The Timing and Neuroanatomy of Conscious Vision as Revealed by TMS-induced Blindsight Christopher P. G. Allen, Petroc Sumner, and Christopher D. Chambers Abstract ■ Following damage to the primary visual cortex, some patients exhibit “blindsight,” where they report a loss of awareness while retaining the ability to discriminate visual stimuli above chance. Transient disruption of occipital regions with TMS can produce a similar dissociation, known

What Role Does the Anterior Temporal Lobe Play in Sentence-level Processing? Neural Correlates of Syntactic Processing in Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia Stephen M. Wilson1, Andrew T. DeMarco1, Maya L. Henry2, Benno Gesierich2, Miranda Babiak2, Maria Luisa Mandelli2, Bruce L. Miller2, and Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini2 D o w n l o a d e d f r o m l l / / / /

Commonalities for Numerical and Continuous Quantity Skills at Temporo-parietal Junction Marinella Cappelletti1,3, Rebecca Chamberlain1, Elliot D. Freeman2, Ryota Kanai1, Brian Butterworth1, Cathy J. Price1, and Geraint Rees1 Abstract ■ How do our abilities to process number and other continu- ous quantities such as time and space relate to each other? Recent evidence suggests that these abilities share common magnitude processing and neural resources, although other

Interpersonal Competence in Young Adulthood and Right Laterality in White Matter Nicola De Pisapia1, Mauro Serra1, Paola Rigo1, Justin Jager2, Nico Papinutto3, Gianluca Esposito1,4, Paola Venuti1, and Marc H. Bornstein5 D o w n l o a d e d f r o m Abstract ■ The right hemisphere of the human brain is known to be involved in processes underlying emotion and social cognition.

Early Musical Training Is Linked to Gray Matter Structure in the Ventral Premotor Cortex and Auditory–Motor Rhythm Synchronization Performance Jennifer Anne Bailey1,2, Robert J. Zatorre2,3, and Virginia B. Penhune1,2 Abstract ■ Evidence in animals and humans indicates that there are sensitive periods during development, times when experience or stimulation has a greater influence on behavior and brain structure. Sensitive periods are the result of an

Magnetoencephalographic Activity Related to Conscious Perception Is Stable within Individuals across Years but Not between Individuals Kristian Sandberg1,2,5, Gareth Robert Barnes2, Geraint Rees2,3, and Morten Overgaard1,4 D o w n l o a d e d f r o m Abstract ■ Studies indicate that conscious perception is related to changes in neural activity within a time window that varies be- zwischen 130 Und 320

The Subthalamic Nucleus Influences Visuospatial Attention in Humans Barbara Schmalbach, Veronika Günther, Jan Raethjen, Stefanie Wailke, Daniela Falk, Günther Deuschl, and Karsten Witt D o w n l o a d e d f r o m Abstract ■ Spatial attention is a lateralized feature of the human brain. Whereas the role of cortical areas of the nondominant hemi- sphere on spatial attention has been