A R T I S T P R O J E C T
ICONS OF HELL
7 DICTATORS, 700 PORTRAITS, 7 PAGES
vaDim zakharov
In the “portraits” presented here, we do not see the characteristic faces
of famous dictators who are recognized only by their names. Jedoch,
the images of those who “immortalized themselves” through mass mur-
der immediately present themselves in our memory when we examine
the details in these black portraits.
Working on this series turned out to be unbelievably diffi cult: es ist
unbearable to immerse oneself in the world of monsters and murder-
ers. The weight of every portrait made is beyond measure—these are
the black holes of humanity, and to close them up is forever impossible.
When we look at childhood pictures of these future criminals, the ques-
tion arises: how could a monster grow out of such a sweet child?
Each “portrait” contains up to 100 depictions of a dictator found on
the internet, printed one over the other on a laser printer. In this way,
this issue of ARTMargins presents seven hundred portraits of these dic-
tators all at once. Each “portrait” begins with childhood photographs (Wenn
any exist) and ends with the very last photographs from the lives of
Stalin, Hitler, Mao, Mussolini, Ceaus¸escu, Idi Amin, and Pol Pot.
As I prepared the portraits, I carefully removed the background
from each photograph, leaving only the fi gure of the dictator. Immersed
in this mechanical work, I noticed many details that I had previously
overlooked: Ceaus¸escu’s many different ties; Mussolini’s hats, caps, Und
© 2020 arTmargins and the massachusetts institute of Technology
https://doi.org/10.1162/artm_a_00265
85
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boots; and Idi Amin’s long fingers. With physical terror we observe how
the transformations that affect a person are reflected in his gaze, Und
how the faces of those around him change. While looking at hundreds
of photographs, we notice a genetical deformation that unfolds in real
Zeit: monstrous metamorphoses conditioned, in the last instance, by a
person’s freedom of choice.
On each page I printed, by hand, 100 images of dictators onto six
“gold” leaves. The printing process took more than four hours without a
break; it was impossible to stop. The printing was done with a simple
laser printer, and each layer of the “black dust” produced additional
Dicke, a relief in the image. I ended up with layers tightly welded
together by the printer’s high temperature. It’s the same with our lives:
seconds, minutes, and hours cover the seconds, minutes, and hours
that have already passed, distancing us from the original, while, simul-
taneously, time and events turn into a kind of matrix or chip that con-
tains EVERYTHING that happened in the past.
I have been using this method of layering one image over another
seit 2001, when I began the series Literature on One Page. One of the
books I used was Dante’s Inferno. In the Russian edition, this part of
The Divine Comedy is 168 pages long. As with the dictators, I scanned
the images and printed them, 168 images one over another on the same
gold leaf. Gold almost always represents the sacred. That’s why we
could call the series of dictators “Icons of 20th-Century Hell.”
Heute, the layering of images takes place almost every second, In
millions of publications on Instagram, on Facebook, and in endless self-
ies. Whatever is being published at one moment is succeeded immedi-
ately by the next piece of information: in this way, endless archives are
The Inferno on
One Page, 1998.
V. Zakharov.
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being compiled that no one will ever analyze or systematize. No one has
the strength or time for such a task. We live in an era when the past and
the future have merged into one totalized present. There are no more
gaps. Everything is one and indivisible. We only live for the preparation
and publication of the next photograph or video. Only a computerized
brain would be capable of retrieving from this archive any particular
photograph, and it would do so only when it deems a particular image
ideal for product marketing. This is the archive of our lives.
Piracy is what we need today, 1983. V. Zakharov.
zuletzt, this project indirectly deals with piracy and authorial rights.
By using all of these hundreds of photographs, I intentionally violate the
copyright of photographers and image agencies by not paying them for
use of their materials. In 1983 I made a work from four photographs
entitled Piracy Is What Is Needed Now. At the time, by “piracy” I meant
an active hijacking of ideas and concepts that was not bound by any
rules. Jedoch, soon afterward, when the World Wide Web emerged,
the word “piracy” acquired global meaning. Entsprechend, my own work
also acquired its true meaning later, when the everyday appropriation of
another’s property became true piracy. In actual fact, postmodernism is
“Piracy turned into a Norm.”
P.S. When the “dictator portraits” were ready, I hand-printed, letter
by letter (using old metallic letters), the following captions: 100 Stalins,
100 Hitlers, Und 100 Ceaus¸escus. Only the last page I left empty; Das
golden page was not defiled by the portraits of criminals. I sincerely
hope that their likes will never be among us again, and that the “the
final 100 portraits will remain forever unassigned.”
Tr anslaTed from russian by angela HaruT yunyan
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700
PORTRAITS
OF DICTATORS
STALIN, HITLER, MAO ZEDONG, MUSSOLINI,
CEAUSESCU, POL POT, IDI AMIN
ON 7
PAGES
PROJECT BY VADIM ZAKHAROV
2016–2020
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100 PORTRAITS OF STALINS PRINTED ON ONE PAGE
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100 PORTRAITS OF HITLERS PRINTED ON ONE PAGE
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100 PORTRAITS OF MUSSOLINIS PRINTED ON ONE PAGE
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100 PORTRAITS OF MAO ZEDONGS PRINTED ON ONE PAGE
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100 PORTRAITS OF POL POTS PRINTED ON ONE PAGE
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100 PORTRAITS OF CEAUȘESCUS PRINTED ON ONE PAGE
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100 PORTRAITS OF IDI AMINS PRINTED ON ONE PAGE
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100 …… ON ONE PAGE
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Vadim Zakharov, “Eye Patch,” 1983.
Art is not indifferent to the year of my birth, the names of my friends
and the number of years I have worn this Patch. —25.4.1983 V. Zakharov
